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August Strindberg
Johan August Strindberg ( 〔("Strindberg" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 : /ˈstrindˌbɜrj/; 22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter.〔Lane (1998), 1040.〕〔Meyer (1985), 3, 567.〕〔Williams (1952), 75.〕 A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time he wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, and politics.〔Williams (1952, 75).〕 A bold experimenter and iconoclast throughout, he explored a wide range of dramatic methods and purposes, from naturalistic tragedy, monodrama, and history plays, to his anticipations of expressionist and surrealist dramatic techniques.〔Lane (1998), 1040–41.〕〔Williams (1952), 75–6, 100.〕 From his earliest work, Strindberg developed innovative forms of dramatic action, language, and visual composition. He is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his ''The Red Room'' (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.〔Adams (2002).〕〔Meyer (1985), 79.〕
In Sweden Strindberg is known as an essayist, painter, poet, and especially as a novelist and playwright, but in other countries he is known mostly as a playwright.
The Royal Theatre rejected his first major play, ''Master Olof'', in 1872; it was not until 1881, at the age of 32, that its première at the New Theatre gave him his theatrical breakthrough.〔〔Meyer (1985), 49, 95.〕 In his plays ''The Father'' (1887), ''Miss Julie'' (1888), and ''Creditors'' (1889), he created naturalistic dramas that – building on the established accomplishments of Henrik Ibsen's prose problem plays while rejecting their use of the structure of the well-made play – responded to the call-to-arms of Émile Zola's manifesto "Naturalism in the Theatre" (1881) and the example set by André Antoine's newly established Théâtre Libre (opened 1887).〔Carlson (1993, 280), Innes (2000, 22), Lane (1998, 1040), and Williams (1952, 77–80).〕 In ''Miss Julie'', characterisation replaces plot as the predominant dramatic element (in contrast to melodrama and the well-made play) and the determining role of heredity and the environment on the "vacillating, disintegrated" characters is emphasized.〔Quoting from Strindberg's Preface to ''Miss Julie''; see Carlson (1993, 281), Innes (2000, 12–13), and Lane (1998, 1040).〕 Strindberg modelled his short-lived Scandinavian Experimental Theatre (1889) in Copenhagen on Antoine's theatre and he explored the theory of Naturalism in his essays "On Psychic Murder" (1887), "On Modern Drama and the Modern Theatre" (1889), and a preface to ''Miss Julie'', the last of which is probably the best-known statement of the principles of the theatrical movement.〔Carlson (1993, 280) and Lane (1998, 1040).〕
During the 1890s he spent significant time abroad engaged in scientific experiments and studies of the occult.〔Lane (1998, 1040).〕 A series of psychotic attacks between 1894 to 1896 (referred to as his "Inferno crisis") led to his hospitalisation and return to Sweden.〔 Under the influence of the ideas of Emanuel Swedenborg, he resolved after his recovery to become "the Zola of the Occult".〔Lane (1998, 1040) and Meyer (1985, 350); on 23 August 1896 he wrote in a letter to Torsten Hedlund: "You said recently that people are looking for the Zola of occultism. That I feel is my vocation."〕 In 1898 he returned to playwriting with ''To Damascus'', which, like ''The Great Highway'' (1909), is a dream-play of spiritual pilgrimage.〔Lane (1998, 1041), Meyer (1985, 374), and Williams (1952, 86–93).〕 His ''A Dream Play'' (1902) – with its radical attempt to dramatise the workings of the unconscious by means of an abolition of conventional dramatic time and space and the splitting, doubling, merging, and multiplication of its characters – was an important precursor to both expressionism and surrealism.〔Carlson (1993, 346–347) and Lane (1998, 1041).〕 He also returned to writing historical drama, the genre with which he had begun his playwriting career.〔Lane (1998, 1041).〕 He helped to run the Intimate Theatre from 1907, a small-scale theatre, modelled on Max Reinhardt's Kammerspielhaus, that staged his chamber plays (such as ''The Ghost Sonata'').〔Lane (1998, 1041) and Williams (1952, 96–99).〕
==Biography==
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